利用MODIS遥感数据反演广州市气溶胶光学厚度

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NASA的V5.2气溶胶业务反演算法,对广州市进行了高空间分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演,并应用地面太阳光度计(CE-318)观测的气溶胶光学厚度进行验证.结果表明,利用MODIS L1B数据进行高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度反演,结果精度较高.利用反演结果分析2008~2009年冬季广州市的气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征,2008年12月的气溶胶光学厚度较低,平均大约为0.65,随后气溶胶光学厚度逐渐增大,到2009年2月,气溶胶光学厚度平均大约为1.35.广州市气溶胶光学厚度空间差异显著,在0.1~1之间变化,呈东北低西南高的空间分布特征.即森林覆盖率比较高的地区气溶胶较低.     

Long-term investigation of anthropogenic and naturally occurring radionuclides at reference sites in western Sweden

In case of an accidental release of radioactive substances into the environment, it is important to quickly and reliably estimate the radiation dose received by people in the affected area, and to determine the extent of the contamination. Measurements of the extent of the release and the subsequent contamination can be facilitated if there are predetermined reference sampling sites with known background radiation and inventory of radionuclides. Since 1996, 34 reference sites for soil sampling, field gamma, and intensimeter measurements have been established in western Sweden. Time series data for dose rates and radioisotope inventory have been collected at these sites, allowing for the investigation of changes in these parameters over time. The mass activity densities for the uranium and thorium series elements varied approximately between 10 and 50 Bq/kg and between 10 and 40 Bq/kg, respectively. The mass activity density of ⁴⁰K was approximately in the range 300–800 Bq/kg. The radiation exposure due to ¹³⁷Cs was rather small in this area. The dose rates calculated from in situ measurement data showed that the contribution to the total dose rate was almost entirely due to naturally occurring radionuclides. The measured dose rate was about twice as high as the calculated rate, even after subtracting the contribution from cosmic radiation. This may be explained by the fact that intensimeters generally are calibrated to measure the quantity ambient dose equivalent, which should not underestimate the effective dose.     

National baseline survey of soil quality in the Netherlands

To determine background values of the 252 chemical compounds listed in Dutch legislation, a survey was designed with the aim of estimating percentiles of the cumulative frequency distributions and areal fractions exceeding the former, legislative reference values. Sampling locations were selected by probability sampling, so that in estimating the target quantities no model assumptions on the spatial variation were required, and valid estimates could be obtained by design-based inference. Strata in random sampling were formed by overlaying an aggregated soil map and land use map. For most of the heavy metals the areal fraction with concentrations in the topsoil (0-10 cm) exceeding the reference value was smaller than the allowable maximum of 5%. For these compounds a background value was determined smaller than the reference value. Exceptions were V, Co, Ba and Cu, for which a background value was defined (slightly) larger than the reference value.     

β修正孔雀绿光度法测定工业废水中银

在ｐＨ５醋酸盐缓冲溶液中,银（Ａｇ＾＋）与孔雀绿（ＭＧ）和碘化钾作用生成绿色缔合物。β修正光度法利用该显色反应能完全消除反应体系中过量ＭＧ干扰,计算缔合产物真实吸光度。分析灵敏度、精密度和准确度均比普通单波长光度法有明显提高。结果表明：银浓度０－２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律,方法检出限０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ;废水加标回收率９７．３％－１０７％,相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ）６．２％。     

基于二元特征的断面交通数据异常检测与修正

为了确保交通数据的准确性以及为后续研究提供数据质量保障。提取断面交通数据的两元特征向量速度与流量,采用多元高斯模型拟合两元特征概率密度分布,并利用matlab训练模型,对测试数据集进行异常检测;针对检测出的异常数据点,引入小时窗口,建立修正数据集。随后在各修正窗口内采用波动性处理优化的灰色马尔可夫模型,对上述异常点进行修正。以汕昆高速K2077断面为例,对其采集数据进行模拟计算及分析,结果表明:多元高斯模型对断面交通数据的二元特征拟合效果良好,异常检测作用突出;引入修正窗口简化了数据修正的运算过程,避免了大量历史数据冗余使用;波动性处理优化弥补了灰色马尔可夫模型针对随机性数据性能下降的缺陷,大幅提升了数据修正的准确率。     

基于神经网络和数值模型的重点区域PM2.5预报比较分析

应用BP神经网络法建立京津冀及周边城市、汾渭平原、苏皖鲁豫交界地区和长三角地区等重点区域95个城市PM_2.5预报模型,对2020年秋冬季上述地区城市开展未来7 d的PM_2.5预测预报,并对比同期业务化运行的数值模型预报结果和各城市人工订正后预报结果,对3方法预报效果进行分析评估.结果表明:（1） 4区域神经网络法模型性能短期预报相对较好,中长期有所降低,对4区域均有一定的系统性高估,苏皖鲁豫交界地区系统性偏差最小,长三角地区偏差最显著.数值模型区域预报水平较神经网络有所降低,各评价指标总体低于神经网络,对辖区城市间预报效果较神经网络差异更大.（2）神经网络、数值模型和人工订正方法对4区域PM_2.5浓度预报准确率普遍较低,平均不足50%,准确水平总体呈:神经网络>人工订正>数值模型. 3方法分指数级别范围准确率均大幅提升,4区域1～4 d平均准确率均在65%以上,神经网络模型和人工订正水平相近,总体高于数值模型.（3）在预报中度及以上污染级别日时,数值模型在京津冀及周边城市、苏皖鲁豫交界地区和长三角地区效果均较...     

原子吸收光谱仪的背景校正

介绍了原子吸收光谱仪的５种主要的背景校正技术（邻近谱线技术，连续光源法，塞曼法，自吸法及连续光源单色器波长调节法ＣＥＷＭ）及其主要产品，分析评述了各种校正技术的原理，特点及其应用状况。     

Comparing urban air quality in Europe in real time a review of existing air quality indices and the proposal of a common alternative

The EU directives on air quality force member states to inform the public on the status of the ambient air quality. The Internet is commonly used for this purpose and often air quality is being presented as an index ranging from good to bad. A review of existing websites and air quality indices shows that the way air quality is interpreted differs considerably. The paper presents a new air quality index. The index is part of a project to develop a website dedicated to comparing air quality in European cities. The common air quality index (CAQI) is not aimed at replacing existing local indices. The CAQI is a set of two indices: one for roadside monitoring sites and one for average city background conditions. Differentiating between roadside and general city conditions is a first step in assuring consistence in the parameters that are being compared.     

环境影响评价中容易忽视的问题及处理方法

在环境影响评价过程中,经常会遇到一些简单却又很容易被忽视的问题,如水环境评价中的pH值、DO、大气环境影响预测中的取样时间等。如若处理不当将直接影响到环评报告书评价结论,只有掌握这些问题的处理方法,才能不断提高环评人员的业务水平和评价报告的质量。     

上海地区13种金属土壤背景值初探

对上海地区518组土壤金属浓度数据进行归纳和空间分析,得出了上海地区13种金属砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铅、汞、镍、银、铊、锌、锑和硒在土壤中的背景值及空间分布图,直观地表现了上海地区13种金属的空间分布特点,为今后确定上海地区土壤污染的标准提供参考.